1. Studies of the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of lithium salts and mixtures in Wistar mice using the tail suspension test and simulated transport stress 

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2. Comparative Analysis of the Stress-Protective Effects of Lithium Salts in the Open Field Test, Deltsov & Pozyabin 

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3. Study of the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of lithium salts and mixtures in Wistar rats using the Porsolt forced swimming test

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4. Administration of the dietary supplement NORMOTIM® in mood disorder, adaptation, and depressive episodes

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5. Dynamics of Values of Emotional‑Behavioral Reactions, Cognitive Functions, and Nutritional Status in Young Adults Receiving a Vitamin‑Mineral Complex containing Organic Lithium Salts

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6. Neuroprotective and Adaptogenic Effects of Lithium Ascorbate

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7. Increasing the Effectiveness of the Weight‑Loss Program at the “Doctor Bormental” Center Using Drug NORMOTIM®

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8. Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A. A systematic analysis of the biological roles of lithium (analytical review) 

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9. Pepelyaev E.V., Semenov V.A., Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Volkov A.Yu. Effects of Lithium Ascorbate Intake in Middle‑Aged Patients with Stenotic Atherosclerosis of the Brachiocephalic Arteries

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10. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Efficacy of Lithium Ascorbate in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Alcohol Intoxication

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11. Prof. Gromova O.A. The mechanism of pharmacological action of lithium ascorbate Adenylate cyclase-5 is the main target protein to implement normothymic effects of lithium ascorbate

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12. Torshin, I. Y., Gromova, O. A., Ostrenko, K. S., Filimonova, M. V., Gogoleva, I. V., Demidov, V. I., & Kalacheva, A. G. (2022). Lithium Ascorbate as a Promising Neuroprotector: Fundamental and Experimental Studies of an Organic Lithium Salt. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(7), 2253.

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13. Chemoreactome analysis of the neurophysiological properties of lithium ascorbate

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14. Study of the allergenic properties of substance Lithium Ascorbate

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15. A complex study of the pharmacokinetics and compartmentalization

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16. Preclinical Studies of Lithium Ascorbate: Proven Safety

1. Agent exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity, and composition based thereon (Pyridoxine, i.e. Vitamin B6)

2. Agent exhibiting anti-stress, anxiolytic and anti-depression activity, and composition based thereon (Ascorbic acid)

3. Use of lithium ascorbate to prevent and treat alcoholism and alcohol intoxication

Treatment-Resistant Depression, Depression, and Comorbid Obesity

Acero-González et al. (2025). Lithium Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Qualitative Review of the Literature. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.70063

Cleare et al. (2025). Clinical and cost-effectiveness of lithium versus quetiapine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression: A pragmatic, open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled superiority trial in the UK. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00028-8

Opel, N., Hanssen, R., Steinmann, L., et al. (2025). Clinical management of major depressive disorder with comorbid obesity. The Lancet Psychiatry, 12, 780–794. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(25)00193-2/fulltext

Scott et al. (2023). Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmentation and combination treatments for early-stage treatment-resistant depression. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221104058

Thase et al. (2026). Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-resistant-major-depressive-disorder-in-adults

Voineskos et al. (2020). Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6982454/

Bipolar Disorder, Mood Stabilizers, and Psychiatric Medication Safety

Gomes-da-Costa, S., Marx, W., Corponi, F., Anmella, G., Murru, A., Pons-Cabrera, M. T., Giménez-Palomo, A., Gutiérrez-Arango, F., Llach, C. D., Fico, G., Kotzalidis, G. D., Verdolini, N., Valentí, M., Berk, M., Vieta, E., & Pacchiarotti, I. (2022). Lithium therapy and weight change in people with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 134, 104266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.011

Park, S. A., Son, S., Tae, B. S., Choi, H., Jeong, J.-H., Yoon, H.-K., Shin, C., Kwon, D.-Y., & Ko, Y.-H. (2025). Long-term treatment with lithium, valproate, and atypical antipsychotics on suicide risk in patients with bipolar disorder: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120264 Summary

Post, R. M., Li, V. W., Berk, M., et al. (2025). Lithium as a disease-modifying drug for bipolar disorder. The Lancet Psychiatry, 12, 863–868. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(25)00097-5/abstract Summary

Post, R. M., & Rybakowski, J. K. (2024). What Patients with Bipolar Disorder Need to Know about Lithium. Pharmaceuticals, 17(9), 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091223 Summary

Solmi, M., Fornaro, M., Ostinelli, E. G., Zangani, C., Croatto, G., Monaco, F., Krinitski, D., Fusar-Poli, P., & Correll, C. U. (2020). Safety of 80 antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-attention-deficit/hyperactivity medications and mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: A large-scale systematic meta-review of 78 adverse effects. World Psychiatry, 19(2), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20765 Summary

Steger, C. M., Birckhead, B., Raghunath, S., Straub, J., Sthapit, S., Albert, M. C., Goes, F., & Zandi, P. P. (2025). Trends and determinants of prescription of lithium and antidepressants for bipolar disorder in a large health care system between 2017 and 2022. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.006 Summary

General Lithium Reviews, History, Low-Dose Lithium, and Emotional Processing

Fountoulakis, K. N. (2025). The Rise of a Legend: Lithium and the Extraordinary Story of Its Discovery. Pharmaceuticals, 18(8), 1230. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12389268/ Summary

Gitlin, M., & Bauer, M. (2024). Lithium: Current state of the art and future directions. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 12, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-024-00362-7 Summary

Ramli, F. F., Harmer, C. J., Cowen, P. J., & Godlewska, B. R. (2025). Lithium effects on impulsivity and emotional processing. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 45216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29216-7 Summary

Strawbridge, R., Kerr-Gaffney, J., Bessa, G., Loschi, G., Freitas, H. L. O., Pires, H., Cousins, D. A., Juruena, M. F., & Young, A. H. (2023). Identifying the neuropsychiatric health effects of low-dose lithium interventions: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 144, 104975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104975 Summary

Strawbridge, R., & Young, A. H. (2024). Lithium: How low can you go? International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-024-00325-y Summary

Lithium as a Micronutrient, Dietary Intake, Drinking Water, and Environmental Exposure

Barjasteh-Askari, F., Davoudi, M., Amini, H., Ghorbani, M., Yaseri, M., Yunesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., & Lester, D. (2020). Relationship between suicide mortality and lithium in drinking water: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 264, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.027

Iordache, A. M., Voica, C., Roba, C., & Nechita, C. (2024). Lithium Content and Its Nutritional Beneficence, Dietary Intake, and Impact on Human Health in Edibles from the Romanian Market. Foods, 13(4), 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040592 Summary

Luo, J., Zheng, L., Jin, Z., et al. (2025). Cancer Risk and Estimated Lithium Exposure in Drinking Groundwater in the US. JAMA Network Open, 8(2), e2460854. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2830452 Summary

Naeem, A., Aslam, M., Saifullah, & Mühling, K. H. (2021). Lithium: Perspectives of nutritional beneficence, dietary intake, biogeochemistry, and biofortification of vegetables and mushrooms. Science of the Total Environment, 798, 149249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149249

Schrauzer, G. N., Shrestha, K. P., & Flores-Arce, M. F. (1992). Lithium in scalp hair of adults, students, and violent criminals: Effects of supplementation and evidence for interactions of lithium with vitamin B12 and with other trace elements. Biological Trace Element Research, 34(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02785244

Shimodera, S., Koike, S., Ando, S., Yamasaki, S., Fujito, R., Endo, K., Iijima, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Morita, M., Sawada, K., Ohara, N., Okazaki, Y., & Nishida, A. (2018). Lithium levels in tap water and psychotic experiences in a general population of adolescents. Schizophrenia Research, 201, 294–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.019

Szklarska, D., & Rzymski, P. (2019). Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification. Biological Trace Element Research, 189(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1455-2

Caffeine, Diet, and Lithium Interactions

Andrews, K. W., Schweitzer, A., Zhao, C., Holden, J. M., Roseland, J. M., Brandt, M., Dwyer, J. T., Picciano, M. F., Saldanha, L. G., Fisher, K. D., Yetley, E., Betz, J. M., & Douglass, L. (2007). The caffeine contents of dietary supplements commonly purchased in the US: Analysis of 53 products with caffeine-containing ingredients. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 389(1), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1437-2 Summary

Drugs.com. (2025, April 7). What is a proper diet to go on with lithium? https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/proper-diet-lithium-783867/ Summary

Frigerio, S., Strawbridge, R., & Young, A. H. (2021). The impact of caffeine consumption on clinical symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Bipolar Disorders, 23, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi12990 Summary

Jefferson, J. W. (1988). Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: Two cases of drinking less and shaking more. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49(2), 72–73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3338980/ Summary

Lithium/caffeine interaction. (2017). Reactions Weekly, 1670, 173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40278-017-36326-z Summary

Noronha, N. Y., Rodrigues, G. da S., Rodrigues, V. F., Nicoletti, C. F., Martins, L. dos S., Diani, L. M., Delfino, H. B. P., Pinhel, M. A. de S., Watanabe, L. M., Sousa Júnior, W. T. de, Morais, D. A., Barbosa Júnior, F., Frantz, F. G., Carlos, D., & Nonino, C. B. (2024). Low-caffeine green tea supplementation reduced lithium serum levels and the relative abundance of microbiota in women with obesity: A case study. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2024.09.012 Summary

Song, J. J., Eyabi, J. C., Awatramani, P. D., Mitchell, B. G., & Nene, S. Y. (2024). Sudden reduction in caffeine intake increases serum lithium concentration to supratherapeutic level: A case report. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 26(2), Article 23cr03642. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.23cr03642 Summary

Brain Aging, Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Hippocampus, Stroke, and Neuroprotection

Almeida, O. P., Singulani, M. P., Ford, A. H., Hackett, M. L., Etherton-Beer, C., Flicker, L., Hankey, G. J., De Paula, V. J. R., Penteado, C. T., & Forlenza, O. V. (2022). Lithium and stroke recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of stroke models in rodents and human data. Stroke, 53(9), 2935–2944. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.039203 Summary

Aron, L., Ngian, Z. K., Qiu, C., et al. (2025). Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature, 645, 712–721. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09335-x Summary

Lucini-Paioni, S., Squarcina, L., Cousins, D. A., & Brambilla, P. (2021). Lithium effects on hippocampus volumes in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.046 Summary

Velosa, J., Delgado, A., Finger, E., Berk, M., Kapczinski, F., & de Azevedo Cardoso, T. (2020). Risk of dementia in bipolar disorder and the interplay of lithium: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(6), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13153 Summary

Molecular Mechanisms and Cancer Biology

Chen, Q., Shen, L., & Li, S. (2023). Emerging role of inositol monophosphatase in cancer. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 161, 114442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114442

Domoto, T., Uehara, M., Bolidong, D., & Minamoto, T. (2020). Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Cancer Biology and Treatment. Cells, 9(6), 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061388

Zhang, F., Phiel, C. J., Spece, L., Gurvich, N., & Klein, P. S. (2003). Inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in response to lithium: Evidence for autoregulation of GSK-3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(35), 33067–33077. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M212635200

Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

Billiard, M. (1987). Lithium carbonate: Effects on sleep patterns of normal and depressed subjects and its use in sleep-wake pathology. Pharmacopsychiatry, 20(5), 195–196. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1017102 Summary

Geoffroy, P. A., Samalin, L., Llorca, P.-M., Curis, E., & Bellivier, F. (2016). Influence of lithium on sleep and chronotypes in remitted patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.015 Summary

Gokcay, H., Takım, U., & Sağlam, T. (2025). Sleep quality in bipolar disorder: A comparative study of treatment with lithium and valproic acid. World Journal of Psychiatry, 15(11), 111807. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i11.111807 Summary

Hennion, V., Scott, J., Martinot, V., Benizri, C., Marie-Claire, C., Bellivier, F., & Etain, B. (2024). Are circadian rhythms more favorable with lithium than with other mood stabilizers? An exploratory actigraphy study in euthymic bipolar disorder type 1. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 135, 152531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152531 Summary

Addiction and Substance-Use Context

Gadh, S. (2020). Low-dose lithium impact in an addiction treatment setting. Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry, 21–22, 100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmip.2020.100059 Summary

Sports, Athletes, and Physical Training

Currie, A., Gorczynski, P., Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., McAllister-Williams, R. H., Hitchcock, M. E., Hainline, B., & Reardon, C. L. (2019). Bipolar and psychotic disorders in elite athletes: A narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(12), 746–753. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100685 Summary

Maynar, M., Llerena, F., Grijota, F. J., Alves, J., Robles, M. C., Bartolomé, I., & Muñoz, D. (2017). Serum concentration of several trace metals and physical training. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0178-7 Summary

Lithium ascorbate is a compound that combines lithium with vitamin C. Normotim uses a patented lithium ascorbate formulation designed to support brain health, emotional balance, and mental clarity.

The page states that Normotim is backed by 40+ scientific studies, 20+ scientific publications, and 3 US patents related to lithium ascorbate and its applications.

Cnical studies suggest that lithium ascorbate may have a more favorable safety profile than lithium carbonate. In animal studies, lithium ascorbate showed lower acute toxicity and did not show the same level of toxicity concerns associated with lithium carbonate.

For lithium ascorbate, LD50 was estimated at 6,334 mg/kg and for lithium carbonate it was estimated as 531 mg/kg.

The higher the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of test animals), the lower the acute toxicity.

Source: Lithium Ascorbate as a Promising Neuroprotector: Fundamental and Experimental Studies of an Organic Lithium Salt (Torshin et al., 2022)

Lithium ascorbate is a low-dose dietary supplement form of lithium bound to ascorbate. Animal and cell studies suggest that lithium ascorbate may have a more favorable safety and neuroprotective profile than lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is a prescription medication used under medical supervision. 

Source: Lithium Ascorbate as a Promising Neuroprotector: Fundamental and Experimental Studies of an Organic Lithium Salt (Torshin et al., 2022)

Preclinical studies suggest that lithium ascorbate may have a more favorable safety profile than lithium carbonate. In animal studies, lithium ascorbate showed lower acute toxicity and did not show the same level of toxicity concerns associated with lithium carbonate.

For lithium ascorbate, LD50 was estimated at 6,334 mg/kg and for lithium carbonate it was estimated as 531 mg/kg.

The higher the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of test animals), the lower the acute toxicity.

Source: Lithium Ascorbate as a Promising Neuroprotector: Fundamental and Experimental Studies of an Organic Lithium Salt (Torshin et al., 2022)

Both are forms of lithium used in supplements, but they use different carriers. Lithium ascorbate is bound to ascorbate, while lithium orotate is bound to orotic acid. 

The page summarizes research related to stress response, mood support, neuroprotection, memory, sleep, alcohol-related brain stress, and lithium distribution in the body.

BDNF stands for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It is a protein involved in neuronal survival, learning, memory, and neuroplasticity. The page states that lithium ascorbate increased BDNF in research.

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to adapt, form new connections, and recover from stress or injury. The page presents lithium ascorbate as a compound studied for supporting neuroplasticity.

Lithium naturally occurs in small amounts in water and food. Lithium is an essential element involved in human health and brain function.

Lithium ascorbate is a low-toxicity supplement. It means that only very large doses can cause harm. The 1 or 5 mg of lithium ascorbate is safe to use daily without any toxicity effects.

The available studies did not show signs of kidney damage after lithium ascorbate use at the tested doses. This suggests that lithium ascorbate was well tolerated by the kidneys in these studies.

No. Lithium ascorbate is a dietary supplement. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent depression, bipolar disorder, or any other disease.